Benefits to Importing Nation (Nepal):
Earlier Pregnancy Rates:
CIDR inserts are used in animal agriculture to induce estrous cycles in livestock who are not currently experiencing one (“Eazi-Breed CIDR Cattle Insert for Induction”, 2015; Robinson, 2015). Anestrous livestock limit the productivity of the herd and or flock; however, through the use of this product, herd efficiency and production can increase (“Eazi-Breed CIDR Cattle Insert for Induction”, 2015). As certain species, milk-producing cattle and sheep, require a birth to maintain high levels of production.
Easier Heat Detection:
The ability to control and initiate the estrous cycle could enable Nepalese farmers to more accurately determine when the bovine or sheep are in “heat” (Robinson, 2016). Through, this there is a narrower time period of when breeding is most successful, approximately twelve hours, depending on the animal (CIDR®1380, 2016).
Accurate Breeding Times:
This progesterone supplement initiates the hormonal imbalance necessary for an estrus cycle to begin. (Henricks et al., 1971). After one to three days, the estrus cycle will become apparent in the animal’s behaviour, after which is the ideal breeding period (CIDR®1380, 2016). This creates a narrow breeding window, thus, if successful, a relatively accurate prediction can be made in terms of birth (“Zoetis at a Glance”, n.d.).
Controlled Reproduction:
CIDR ® 1380 and 330 commonly used as a method to synchronize reproductive cycles within livestock (Robinson, 2016). Through the use of inserts, the offspring can be born within a smaller period of each other due to the synchronization of the estrous cycles of the group (Robinson, 2016). For instance, ewes have produced offspring within a range of six days, instead of sixteen days if no inserts were used (Wheaton et al., 1993). Moreover, the use of intravaginal inserts allows for the inhibition of estrous allowing for synchronization of breeding times, such as in autumn or late winter (Wheaton et al., 1993). This could result in less labour throughout the year as offspring will be birthed during the same time.
Economic Benefits:
As approximately ninety percent of Nepalese are substance farmers, the livestock population is quite low (Metz, 1995). Table 2 displays the average livestock owned per household as of 1993 (Pariyar, 2008). Assuming these figures have increased slightly within the past two decades, the introduction of these devices could be beneficial through the potential to increase herd or flock size. The Nepalese farmers could then keep the offspring for other products such as meat, milk or fibres, or could be sold. Either way, increase farmers’ income. Similarly, if this product were to be used on dairy cattle in Nepal, milk production would increase as cattle with a higher pregnancy rate, tend to have a higher milk yield (Peters & Pursley, 2002).
Additional Benefits:
The use of intravaginal insert does not have an impact on quality of milk nor meat. Milk produced by livestock, of which is being treated, is harmless (CIDR®1380, 2016). Slaughtering livestock for meat must be postponed for one day upon removal of the insert in order for safe consumption (CIDR®1380, 2016). The minimal restrictions on consumption of animal byproducts, whether milk or meat would benefit the local farmer as they rely on their livestock for their food as well as for income.
CIDR inserts are used in animal agriculture to induce estrous cycles in livestock who are not currently experiencing one (“Eazi-Breed CIDR Cattle Insert for Induction”, 2015; Robinson, 2015). Anestrous livestock limit the productivity of the herd and or flock; however, through the use of this product, herd efficiency and production can increase (“Eazi-Breed CIDR Cattle Insert for Induction”, 2015). As certain species, milk-producing cattle and sheep, require a birth to maintain high levels of production.
Easier Heat Detection:
The ability to control and initiate the estrous cycle could enable Nepalese farmers to more accurately determine when the bovine or sheep are in “heat” (Robinson, 2016). Through, this there is a narrower time period of when breeding is most successful, approximately twelve hours, depending on the animal (CIDR®1380, 2016).
Accurate Breeding Times:
This progesterone supplement initiates the hormonal imbalance necessary for an estrus cycle to begin. (Henricks et al., 1971). After one to three days, the estrus cycle will become apparent in the animal’s behaviour, after which is the ideal breeding period (CIDR®1380, 2016). This creates a narrow breeding window, thus, if successful, a relatively accurate prediction can be made in terms of birth (“Zoetis at a Glance”, n.d.).
Controlled Reproduction:
CIDR ® 1380 and 330 commonly used as a method to synchronize reproductive cycles within livestock (Robinson, 2016). Through the use of inserts, the offspring can be born within a smaller period of each other due to the synchronization of the estrous cycles of the group (Robinson, 2016). For instance, ewes have produced offspring within a range of six days, instead of sixteen days if no inserts were used (Wheaton et al., 1993). Moreover, the use of intravaginal inserts allows for the inhibition of estrous allowing for synchronization of breeding times, such as in autumn or late winter (Wheaton et al., 1993). This could result in less labour throughout the year as offspring will be birthed during the same time.
Economic Benefits:
As approximately ninety percent of Nepalese are substance farmers, the livestock population is quite low (Metz, 1995). Table 2 displays the average livestock owned per household as of 1993 (Pariyar, 2008). Assuming these figures have increased slightly within the past two decades, the introduction of these devices could be beneficial through the potential to increase herd or flock size. The Nepalese farmers could then keep the offspring for other products such as meat, milk or fibres, or could be sold. Either way, increase farmers’ income. Similarly, if this product were to be used on dairy cattle in Nepal, milk production would increase as cattle with a higher pregnancy rate, tend to have a higher milk yield (Peters & Pursley, 2002).
Additional Benefits:
The use of intravaginal insert does not have an impact on quality of milk nor meat. Milk produced by livestock, of which is being treated, is harmless (CIDR®1380, 2016). Slaughtering livestock for meat must be postponed for one day upon removal of the insert in order for safe consumption (CIDR®1380, 2016). The minimal restrictions on consumption of animal byproducts, whether milk or meat would benefit the local farmer as they rely on their livestock for their food as well as for income.
Benefits to Exporting Nation (Canada):
Increased Employment:
Through the development of international exporting business for this product, more Canadian jobs will develop. Jobs that are more productive as well as higher paying, as there will be a need to develop this new exporting avenue (Office of the US Trade Representative (OUSTR), n.d.). Jobs will not be limited to this specific sector, as the transportation sector will need to grow in order to move product from production site to new market. Additionally, training will be necessary in order to train local Nepalese veterinarians how to properly use the product (Robinson, 2016). Furthermore, studies will need to be conducted, to show the benefits of this product, to persuade local veterinarians to recommend this product to local farmers. (Robinson, 2016).
Increased Income:
Through the development of trade between Nepal and Canada for this veterinary product, outside investments could occur, if the product proves to be plausible for Nepalese agriculture. Both international and local investment could occur within this sector, which will contribute to an increased rate of economic growth (OUSTR, n.d.). A cycle will begin to form after increased investment, as investments are linked to increased growth and exportation, thus increasing employment, which increases the appealing investment opportunities (Global Affairs Canada, 2016).
Company Stability:
Zoetis will benefit through increasing trade between Canada and Nepal through increased company stability. Through accessing the global market, the company can become more stable, even during national economic fluctuations (“Exporting is Good for your Bottom Line”, 2016). Through the export of CIDR® inserts, Zoetis will enter into a new economy, and less dependent solely on the Canadian economy, as they currently only sell CIDR® to Canadian veterinarians (Zoetis, 2016). Additionally, through access to the Nepal market, revenue will increase, allowing the company to have access to extra funds in case of economic downturns (“Exporting is Good for your Bottom Line”, 2016).
Additional Benefits:
Through the exportation of these intravaginal inserts, the population of sheep and cattle will increase, as CIDR® inserts are used to increases pregnancy rates (“Eazi-Breed™ CIDR®”, 2016). An increase in population could result in a higher demand, resulting in increased production to meet demand set by Nepalese consumers (Gonçalves et al., 2005). Demand is directly related to employment, as through increased demand, employment increases; as a result, Canadian unemployment will decrease in sectors involved in this industry (Nickell, 1978).
Through the development of international exporting business for this product, more Canadian jobs will develop. Jobs that are more productive as well as higher paying, as there will be a need to develop this new exporting avenue (Office of the US Trade Representative (OUSTR), n.d.). Jobs will not be limited to this specific sector, as the transportation sector will need to grow in order to move product from production site to new market. Additionally, training will be necessary in order to train local Nepalese veterinarians how to properly use the product (Robinson, 2016). Furthermore, studies will need to be conducted, to show the benefits of this product, to persuade local veterinarians to recommend this product to local farmers. (Robinson, 2016).
Increased Income:
Through the development of trade between Nepal and Canada for this veterinary product, outside investments could occur, if the product proves to be plausible for Nepalese agriculture. Both international and local investment could occur within this sector, which will contribute to an increased rate of economic growth (OUSTR, n.d.). A cycle will begin to form after increased investment, as investments are linked to increased growth and exportation, thus increasing employment, which increases the appealing investment opportunities (Global Affairs Canada, 2016).
Company Stability:
Zoetis will benefit through increasing trade between Canada and Nepal through increased company stability. Through accessing the global market, the company can become more stable, even during national economic fluctuations (“Exporting is Good for your Bottom Line”, 2016). Through the export of CIDR® inserts, Zoetis will enter into a new economy, and less dependent solely on the Canadian economy, as they currently only sell CIDR® to Canadian veterinarians (Zoetis, 2016). Additionally, through access to the Nepal market, revenue will increase, allowing the company to have access to extra funds in case of economic downturns (“Exporting is Good for your Bottom Line”, 2016).
Additional Benefits:
Through the exportation of these intravaginal inserts, the population of sheep and cattle will increase, as CIDR® inserts are used to increases pregnancy rates (“Eazi-Breed™ CIDR®”, 2016). An increase in population could result in a higher demand, resulting in increased production to meet demand set by Nepalese consumers (Gonçalves et al., 2005). Demand is directly related to employment, as through increased demand, employment increases; as a result, Canadian unemployment will decrease in sectors involved in this industry (Nickell, 1978).
For references, refer to full report
Table 3:
Pariyar, D. (2008). Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchnage, Research and Extension, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/Agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/PDF%20files/Nepal.pdf
Pariyar, D. (2008). Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchnage, Research and Extension, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/Agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/PDF%20files/Nepal.pdf